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The Sanctuary of the Three Gauls ''(Tres Galliae)'' was the focal structure within an administrative and religious complex established by Rome in the very late 1st century BC at Lugdunum (the site of modern Lyon in France). Its institution served to federalise and Romanise Gallia Comata as an Imperial province under Augustus, following the Gallic Wars of his predecessor Julius Caesar. The distinctively Gallo-Roman development of the Imperial sanctuary and its surrounding complex are well attested by literary, epigraphic, numismatic and archaeological evidence.〔Duncan Fishwick, "The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire", vol 3, (2002), 1, 4-41.〕 ==Foundation and function== The Imperial cult sanctuary at Lugdunum was the earliest and most important institution of its kind in the Western Roman empire. Its establishment at the junction of three new Imperial provinces, later collectively known as Tres Galliae (the Three Gauls), embodied a policy of integrated military, civil and religious settlement among the unstable Western provinces of the newly established Principate.〔Fishwick, Vol 3, 1, 9: the term ''Tres Gallia'' dates from the reign of Vespasian.〕 It was founded by Drusus in rapid response to a rebellion provoked by the census of Gallia Comata ("long-haired" Gaul) in 12 BC.〔Fishwick, Vol. 3, 1, 12.〕 Lugdunum provided a centralised, permanent base for the Imperial governorships of Gallia Aquitania, Gallia Belgica and Gallia Lugdunensis, and an annual, Roman-style ''concilium'' (council) for their provincial elites, based on existing Gallic political and religious practices.〔Annual "tribal" or "civil" meetings were a long-standing feature of Gallic polity: see Caesar, ''Gallic Wars'', 4.6.5; 5.2.4; 5.24.1 ''et al''. The meetings may have been sanctified under the tutelage of Lugh: see also Maria Jaczynowska, "Une religion de la loyauté au début de l'Empire romain", in ''Dialogues d'histoire ancienne'', 15, 2, (1989), 164–5: () (French).〕 The monumentally lavish and comprehensively Roman development of the Sanctuary and its associated buildings provided a context for the acculturation of a new Romano-Gallic polity under the ''pax Romana'', in which the Roman military maintained a relatively discreet local presence.〔A single urban cohort, according to Keppie, L. J. F., ''Legions and veterans: Roman army papers 1971-2000'', Franz Steiner Verlag, 2000, 84:()〕 As stepson to Augustus, Drusus represented the Imperial family and as provincial governor, he was also augur. The inaugural day of the sanctuary – August 1 of either 10 BC or 12 BC – was important to both Romans and Gauls. August – formerly ''Sextilis'' in the Roman calendar – had been renamed in honour of Augustus, and its kalends (the first day of the month) was particularly auspicious as the anniversary of his victory at Alexandria. In the Gallo-celtic calendar, the same day was sacred to the sun-god Lugh, who may have been venerated on the Fourvière hill at Lugdunum, though no temple has been found.〔Duncan Fishwick, "The Imperial cult in Roman Britain", ''Phoenix'', 15, 1961, 3, p.159: in this early work in his Imperial cult series, Fishwick finds Lugdunum's Roman establishments are grafted onto an existing ''eisteddfod'' () of Lug; and to a probable traditional annual Gallic ''concilium'' as evidenced in Caesar, ''Gallic Wars'', 4.6.5; 5.2.4; 5.24.1 ''et al'': (). In his later work on the Western Imperial cult, Fishwick is less certain of its connections with Lug.〕 As a sun-god, Lugh could be identified with Roman Sol, Apollo and the Augustan-Stoic concept of the Imperial "saviour" as the "second sun".〔Caesar refers to Gallic "Mercury" as the major deity in Gallic cult. In Roman cult, Mercury sanctified oaths, contracts and treaties, but was not a major deity. The name and full attributes of his supposed Gallic counterpart are unknown: Caesar, Gallic Wars, 6.7: ()〕 A foundation (or an inauguration) in 12 BC would have coincided with Augustus' assumption of office as ''pontifex maximus''. The ''ara'' (altar) was dedicated to ''Dea Roma'' and Augustus and its first high priest ''(sacerdos)'' was Caius Julius Vercondaridubnus, a Gaul of the Aeduan elite. His name indicates his Roman citizenship and Gallic origins - his election to Imperial priesthood may confirm a preference based on his personal standing and that of his ''civitas'' as ''fratres'' ("brothers", or allies) of Rome.〔Despite this, the Aeduian citizen-aristocrat Julius Sacrovir would be involved in a later rebellion, "seditiously" claiming - in Tacitus' account - high rates of tribute, indebtedness, and brutal governorship as causes: Tacitus, Annals, 3.40: ().〕〔Duncan Fishwick, "The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire", volume 1, (1991), p. 101., & vol 3, (2002), 1, pp 12-13.〕〔Ronald Mellor, "The Goddess Roma," ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt'' 2.17.2, p. 986 ( online. ): Dio Cassius, 54.32.1, and Livy, ''Periochae'', 139, give a date of 12 BC, against numismatic (and Suetonian) evidence for 10 BC. Mellor offers a scenario in which the first ''concilium'' convenes in 12 BC. The ''ara'' takes two years to complete, and is inaugurated in 10 BC – possibly in the presence of Augustus, who is known to have been in Lugdunum at that time. Fishwick favours 12 BC, partly because this is Livy's date for what was to him a contemporaneous event.〕 Drusus invited 60 aristocratic delegates to the opening ceremony as representatives of the "Three Gauls". These are presumed to be the first members of the official ''concilium Galliarum''.〔Ronald Mellor, "The Goddess Roma," ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt'' 2.17.2, p. 986 ( online. )〕 The office of ''sacerdos'' required Roman citizenship but the early ''concilium'' combined citizen and non-citizens. The ''sacredos'' would have been a person of great consequence within the ''concilium Galliarum'' and his own provincial ''ordo''. His influence would have extended well beyond his term of office, which was - unlike the lifetime priesthoods of Rome itself - limited to a single year. In effect, the priesthood provided an important step in the provincial ''cursus honorum''.〔Duncan Fishwick, "The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire", vol 3, (2002), 1, 12–13.〕 The ''concilia'' at Lugdunum were also displays of loyalty and Romanisation, which involved the renewal of vows through priestly sacrifice at the ''ara'', feasting, games (''ludi''), contests of eloquence and poetry.〔Suetonius, Caligula, 20; Juvenal, 1.42–44; ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'' II 6278.〕 This calendrical gathering was accommodated by the building of a small amphitheatre, which was later much expanded. Lugdunum was also the site of a major Imperial mint, whose coinage provides a principal source of evidence for the form and development of the altar. The security requirement of the mint has been presumed to account for the presence of Lugdunum's single military cohort.〔Lugdunum remained the major Western Imperial mint until some time between 37 AD and 41 AD:()〕〔Presence of cohort presumed as guard for mint: Keppie, L. J. F., ''Legions and veterans: Roman army papers 1971-2000'', Franz Steiner Verlag, 2000, 84:()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sanctuary of the Three Gauls」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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